Author:  Simon Collings Publication Type:  Report/White paper Publication Date:  Sep 2011 Publisher/Journal:  GVEP International Publication language:  English Abstract: 

Mobile network operators in Africa identify rural customer’s problems with charging phones as a major challenge in expanding their businesses. Recent studies suggest that the need to recharge phones is a significant driver of demand for rural electrification services.

This study looks closely at a series of phone charging businesses in Uganda and Tanzania, in order to better understand the market dynamics and the potential for growth and possibly diversification into sales of solar lanterns and lighting systems. The study also seeks to understand the impact that the GVEP’s programme has had on the development of these businesses.

Location Countries:  Kenya Uganda Research Paper - Link to or Upload Paper URL:  http://www.gvepinternational.o... Featured?:  Yes Featured on homepage?:  Yes

Author:  Jeannine Lemaire Publication Type:  Report/White paper Publication Date:  Dec 2011 Publisher/Journal:  Advanced Development for Africa Publication language:  English Abstract: 

Despite the strong promise demonstrated by mHealth tools and applications, the current landscape of mHealth development in developing country contexts is characterized by a proliferation of unsustainable pilot projects that often expire once initial funding is exhausted. For example, in Uganda alone there were 23 mHealth initiatives in 2008 and 2009 that did not scale up after the pilot phase. In India, there were over 30 mHealth initiatives in 2009 that did not go beyond the pilot phase.

Current policy environments, business models and funding schemes around mHealth have fueled the proliferation of pilot projects without enabling them to scale up in a meaningful, replicable way. An additional, and perhaps most significant, obstacle to improving and scaling the implementation of mHealth initiatives is the lack of monitoring and evaluation (M&E) and use of meaningful, consistent indicators and rigorous evaluation methods.

Given the obstacles within the current landscape, this white paper was commissioned by Advanced Development for Africa (ADA) to assess current implementations of successful mHealth programs in developing country contexts. The objective is to identify elements necessary for successfully scaling up, with the aim of highlighting best practices and specific programmatic, operational, policy and global strategy recommendations that can promote scale up of mHealth.

Profiled in this report are several select mHealth programs that have been piloted and are currently in the scale up phase, and have proven enough success that they should be considered as models for other initiatives to follow. As the following case studies will demonstrate, through more accurate and timely data, disease surveillance, decision support and health information management, mHealth can effectively inform policy-making and planning within healthcare systems and improve the health of local communities, particularly remote populations. The scale up of mHealth within national health agendas should be supported by all departments within the Ministry of Health and across other relevant ministries and agencies including Telecommunications. Both internal stakeholders, such as end-users and beneficiaries, and external stakeholders, such as mobile network operators and donors, should be engaged in the planning and business model design and scalability assessments. The primary goal of this white paper is to provide evidence and recommendations that will allow mHealth initiatives to better plan their own scale up beyond successful pilot phases.

Location Global Regions:  Middle East and North Africa Sub-Saharan Africa Research Paper - Link to or Upload Paper URL:  http://www.adaorganization.org... Featured?:  Yes Featured on homepage?:  Yes

What makes a mobile health project successfuly grow? What causes so many m-health projects to wither or fail? And what can practitioners learn from existing m-health projects to build growth into programs for the future? "Scaling Up Mobile Health: Elements Necessary for the Successful Scale Up of mHealth in Developing Countries" examines these questions by looking at nine case studies on successful mobile health projects and pulling out the key strategies that led to successful growth. 

The case studies cover a wide array of health issues, including maternal and early childhood health (ChildCount+, Pesinet, Project Mwana, Tele Salud), medication stocking and verification (mPedigree, SMS for Life), disease outbreak monitoring (mTRAC), and HIV/AIDS awareness (SMS for Health, Txt Alert); the report details how the projects deal with issues like local buy-in, scale, and sustainability. "Scaling Up Mobile Health" is broken up into three sections: case studies, best practices, and recommendations for future m-health projects.

The main lessons from the report focus on what has worked within the highlighted case studies and what is needed for future m-health projects to be successful. Below is a summary of the key points and takeaways from the report:

• Building local capacity and fostering local buy-in are linked; encouraging in-country design and use gives a sense of ownership to users and makes it easier to resolve tech problems.
• Plan for scale and sustainability from the start rather than building only for a small area/sample size. It will be hard to expand if there isn't the technology, money, or support to continue the project.
• Learn what's worked before: what problems have similar projects faced? How did they resolve them? Learning from previous experiences can stop the cycle of failure and can increase the chance of a new project's success.
• Design the project with the end user in mind. It must work within the local context, including being user-friendly and cost-effective. Working with end users during the design and development process ensures that the project will reflect what they want and need and will encourage ownership among users.
• Align the project with local and national programs, and integrate it with existing healthcare structures. Collaborating with local implementers can also help increase buy-in from the community because it shows the project is engaging with the community. There is a need for partnerships, both with private industries (like telecoms) and government partners.
• Build the project with a business model in mind – how will it grow? How will it be marketed and promoted within the community and among users? What does it need to go to scale and become sustainable?
• Set clear goals and plan for regular monitoring and evaluation. Early monitoring and evaluation can identify problems and missteps before they derail a project.

The report provides a roadmap for mobile health projects. Repeating failures and continually launching unsustainable and unscalable projects wastes time and money; "Scaling Up Mobile Health: Elements Necessary for the Successful Scale Up of mHealth in Developing Countries" highlights the best practices that have led to long-term, well-received, mobile health initiatives.

MobileActive.org has covered several of the organizations in the report. Check out our mDirectory for coverage on ChildCount+, Pesinet, mPedigree, mTrac, and TxtAlert.

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In the Horn of Africa, Somalia makes headlines but often only because of drought, famine, crisis, and insecurity. Al Jazeera recently launched Somalia Speaks to help amplify stories from people and their everyday lives in the region - all via SMS. 

Somalia Speaks is a collaboration between Souktel, a Palestinian-based organization providing SMS messaging services, Ushahidi, Al Jazeera, Crowdflower, and the African Diaspora Institute. Al Jazeera's Soud Hyder said in an interview with us, “We wanted to find out the perspective of normal Somali citizens to tell us how the crisis has affected them and the Somali diaspora.”

The goal of Somalia Speaks is to aggregate often-unheard voices as well as from the Somalia diaspora by asking via text message: How has the Somalia conflict affected your life? Responses are translated into English and plotted on an online map. Since the launch, approximately 3000 SMS messages have been received. Here is just one example:

I was born in the city of Wanlaweyn, and some of the people there are destroying things. I am poor now.

For Al Jazeera, Somalia Speaks is also a chance to pilot and test innovative mobile approaches to citizen media and news gathering. Visit the Mobile Media Toolkit to read the entire case study and learn more.

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Welcome to a very mobile 2012! Last year mobiles were at the forefront of protests, citizen journalism, disaster recovery and relief, environmental issues, and more – and brought up questions of security and privacy along the way. Check out our new page dedicated to MobileActive's 2011; the Year in Review pulls together our best content from the year in one easy location.

From the launch of The Mobile Media Toolkit (a great resource for reporters, citizen journalists, and media organizations that want to use mobile technology in their work) and our increased focus on security and privacy with the SaferMobile initiative, we've set the groundwork for big changes in 2012.

Keep in contact with MobileActive through Twitter, Facebook, our discuss list, or our newsletters at MobileActive.org and (for all of you reporters and citizen journalists) at the Mobile Media Toolkit. We hope that everyone has a safe and happy New Year, and we are excited for what 2012 holds. Thanks for being part of the MobileActive community!
 

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In 2011, the world population crossed the seven billion mark and the number of mobile subscriptions surpassed six billion. As mobile phones have become part of everyday life around the world, MobileActive.org celebrates the New Year by looking at all the ways mobiles have been used in social change and development work.

MobileActive.org launched two new initiatives this year, The Mobile Media Toolkit and SaferMobile, which both focus on using mobile technology securely and safely. The revolutions in the Middle East showed that 2011 was a year of change. As demonstrations spread through more than a dozen countries, mobile phones were a key source of communication among activists and protesters. The wide-spread use of mobile technology, combined with the use of repressive surveillance tech, brought up more than ever issues of security and privacy for activists, journalists, and citizens who want to use mobile phones to safely capture and share information.

The MobileMediaToolkit: Everything You Ever Needed to Know about Making Media Mobile

In July we launched the Mobile Media Toolkit, a free, multi-language resource that helps make sense of the changing, growing role of mobile technology in media. The Toolkit provides how-to guides, breakdowns of mobile tools, and case studies on how mobile phones can (and are) being used for reporting, news broadcasting, and citizen media participation. The Mobile Media Toolkit has been viewed from over 120 countries and we have just added Russian to the content already available in English, Spanish, and Arabic.

The Mobile Media Toolkit contains detailed information on how to create, share, and deliver engaging mobile content, as well as case studies and blog posts showing how mobile phones are being used for journalism and citizen reporting around the world.

How-To Guides

• Taking good pictures with a mobile phone
• Publishing mobile audio content
• Live-streaming videos from a phone
• Sharing multimedia content to the web
• Publishing content from mobile phones to blogs
• Delivering content to mobiles via SMS
• Delivering content to mobiles via apps
• Using social media to engage with audiences

In addition to how-to guides, the Mobile Media Toolkit also posts regular case studies and blog posts detailing how mobile technology is being used by journalists, citizen reporters, and media organizations in the field:

• Voices of Africa teaches mobile journalism skills to students across Africa.
• TRACFM provides a platform for citizens in Uganda to monitor and discuss public services via SMS and radio reports.
• Bubbly is a call-and-record audio blogging service in India.

Projects

The Mobile Media Toolkit staff review the latest and best mobile tools to help mobile journalists and newsrooms find effective and relevant tools for their work. We think it’s key to test mobile media tools among working journalists in the field, so we are developing the Mobile Journalist on an SD Card. We are working with Al Jazeera to test specific tools in the field, around the world, while on assignment. We’ll hear firsthand from them whether the tools helped in their reporting, and we’ll make these lessons available to our community online and via micro SD cards. SD cards can plug directly into most phones, so reporters and MoJo’s can create their own quality mobile content on the go.

SaferMobile: Mobile Safety and Security for Rights Defenders

We are also launching SaferMobile.org, the website for the SaferMobile project. It took us longer than we had thought, so stay tuned for the great unveiling in 2012 - this time in four language (English, Spanish, Arabic, and Farsi). 

SaferMobile helps activists, human rights defenders, and journalists understand the security risks of mobile technology and learn how to use mobile tech more securely in their work. We do this through providing multimedia materials online, hosting in-person trainings, and creating mobile apps that focus on security and privacy.

Until we launch the site (and to tide you over in case you are curious!) check out these how-to guides as well as detailed background materials explaining security issues and mitigating tactics for many mobile and online scenarios.

Background Information

• A Primer for Activists, Journalists and Rights Defenders is a basic breakdown of background information everyone should understand in order to stay safe while using a mobile phone.
• Mobile Tactics for Participants in Peaceful Protests provides a guide on what do before, during, and after a peaceful protest in order to get the most out of a mobile phone.

Detailed Safety Guides

• Safer Facebook and Safer Twitter break down mitigating techniques like secure browsing, anonymizing tactics, and privacy settings to show users how to use social media more safely.
• Securing Your Mobile Email looks at what users need to do in order to lock down their email when accessing it from a mobile device.
• Evaluating Security Apps examines the apps that keep your phone secure and what you should do to keep your phone malware and virus free.
• Using HTTPS for Secure Browsing explains how to add extra security to your mobile browsing habits and why it's important.

Projects

• InTheClear is an Android app that allows users to automate emergency communications and erase personal information from your phone with a single click. Download the beta version here!

MobileActive.org: Mobile Tech for Social Change

Even with the launch of the new initiatives, MobileActive.org hasn’t slowed down covering the latest news in the use of mobile technology for social change and development. Check out some of our top stories, broken down by category, below. 

m-Health

• We attended the Mobile Health Summit 2011 in December, and pulled together the key lessons and trends discussed during the conference.
• Earlier in the year we interviewed m-health practitioners and developers around the world to create a list of best practices and tips for people interested in launching mobile health projects.
• We also covered many specific m-health projects including:
  
  •  MoTeCH, which aims to determine how to use mobile phones to increase the quantity and quality of prenatal and neonatal care in rural Ghana, with a goal of improving health outcomes for mothers and their newborns.
  • NETRA, a device that tests for vision errors by allowing users to look through a clip-on lens at a very close range and align the patterns displayed on a mobile phone screen.
  • CoolComply, a cooling device that monitors the temperature of MDR-TB medication and wirelessly transmits data about the temperature of the medication and patient adherence levels to community health workers through SMS.
  • eMocha, an open-source Android application that allows community health workers to collect, store, and transmit data easily.

Democracy, Governance, and Civic Participation

• What role did mobile phones play in monitoring the 2011 Liberian elections? Ushahidi and the National Democratic Institute were on the ground using mobile technology to record information at polling centers across the country and to map that data online; we spoke to them about the process.
• Bribespot is a mobile app for Android that allows users to submit reports of corruption and bribes. People can also submit reports on a website and instances are plotted on a map using Google maps API.
• uReport Uganda is a UNICEF project that sends SMS polls and messages to subscribers in order to gather feedback about communities across Uganda. The information is then used in broadcast and print media to inform citizens about their rights and available services, while also acting as a means of detecting vulnerabilities in communities.
• How can mobile phones be used for conflict resolution? The organization Dar Al-Salam sets up mediation among rival tribal groups by organizing mobile phone conference calls to discuss conflicts while also teaching conflict mediation tactics to young Yemenis.
• The Demand Dignity campaign attempts to give a voice to people who are living in poverty or who have had their human rights violated. People can use Twitter, the website, or SMS to comment and add their voice to the platform.
• Transparency International Georgia is working to make information about Parliament available to more people via SMS messaging. The civil society organization set up a project that sends Twitter-like messages on Parliamentary scheduling information to people who sign up for the service.
• Fu Chi is a project that utilizes the open source software Ushahidi to raise civic engagement and communication among residents in Philadelphia's Chinatown. Fu Chi allows residents to report issues, events, opinions, and respond to other users’ comments.
• While mobiles have a lot of potential to reach women in developing countries, the reality is that the potential isn’t always achieved. The “Mobiles for Women” series looks at both the benefits and downsides of mobile technology and gender issues.
  • Part One: The Good
  • Part Two: The Darker Side

Environment

• SharedSolar allows rural electricity consumers make utility payments based on usage by using a scratch card and adding credit via SMS, with each household using a unique prepaid metering system.
• NextDrop uses mobile technology to monitor water flow in urban India, with residents calling in reports over an IVR system and sending out updates on pump outages via SMS.
• FLOW is an open-source, Android application that allows field workers to use mobile phones to document how well water pumps and sanitation points in the developing world are functioning, then transmit that data to create an online map of target regions.
• The news organization WNYC created on-air and online stories by using mobile phones to collect data from viewers about snow removal and government services in New York City.

Education

• What’s the score with mobile education? As mobile gaming explodes worldwide, the market for “games for good” (either with an educational or social-change focus) is open for growth. This post examines the question: can mobile games be used to teach, inform, and raise awareness?
• The research at your desk series looked at an educational tool for South African youth called Dr. Math, based on the popular mobile instant messaging service called MXit.
• A post on m-learning examined the hype around mobile education projects, referencing multiple research reports and white papers that focus on the potential of mobile learning.

Telecoms and Communications

•  We had an in-office demonstration of the basic workings of GSM networks and OpenBTS, an open-source platform that allows users to set up a cellular network at a fraction of the cost of a GSM network. We learned how to set up a low-power, low-capacity GSM network and posted the results on our site.
• SMSall is a service in Pakistan that enables mailing-list style interaction over SMS. As Pakistan’s largest SMS social network, it serves over 2.1 million people and an average of 300 million SMS messages are sent every month.
• What do you need to know to work with mobile operators? This two-part series breaks down everything: business models, benefits of partnerships, learning to work across multiple teams, accepting local expertise, realistically facing technology barriers, and more.
  • Part One: How to Work with Mobile Operators
  • Part Two: Top Ten Tips for Working with Mobile Operators

Research

This year we started a new series of research reviews, posting in-depth looks at some of the case studies in our mDirectory. Some of the highlights:

• Tech Migration: Examines the use of mobile technology among refugee groups.
• Tech in Election Monitoring: Looks at the use of ICTs in monitoring the Afghanistan elections.
• Leveraging Mobile Tech for the Base of the Pyramid: Investigates how ICTs can be used in education, health, agricultural services, and financial services, specifically focusing on the bottom of the pyramid.
• Assessing Mobile Phones’ Role in Agricultural Extension: Highlights the opportunity to use mobile technology to share agricultural information with rural or poor farmers.
• Mobile Phone Use in Brazil’s Favelas: Investigates the power structures around mobile phone use among favela residents and the values, social interactions, and needs built into that use.

Events

If you love events, MobileActive has you covered!

• In June we hosted a Tech Salon called “Our Mobile Data Exhaust” that examined:
  • How do we determine socially beneficial uses for mobile data?
  • How can the safety, security, and privacy of individuals be respected while using mobile data to benefit them?
  • How can our mobile data be effectively aggregated and anonymized?

• FailFaire is one of MobileActive’s favorite events, bringing together practitioners, developers, researchers, donors, and NGOs to discuss failure in mobile and ICT4D projects in an open and encouraging atmosphere. The goal is to learn from mistakes rather than sweeping them under the rug, creating more open communications so that future projects are stronger. Check out what we learned at the recent FailFaire in New York City here.

Happy New Year!

We are excited for what the new year holds. Keep in contact with MobileActive through Twitter,Facebook, our discuss list, or our newsletters at MobileActive.org and (for all of you reporters and citizen journalists) at the Mobile Media Toolkit.
 

Vibe burst onto the scene following reports that protesters were using it to coordinate with each other at the recent Occupy Wall Street demonstrations and camps.

As a smartphone app for anonymous broadcast messaging, Vibe is going after an important idea. In fact, it’s been promoted as an anonymous version of Twitter. Anyone with the app can post - there are no accounts - and users are able to limit the lifetime of the messages (from a few minutes to a few days) and the location to which they are broadcast (from a few meters to anywhere).

Vibe is clearly a useful tool. Some of the ways it has apparently been used include asking anonymous questions at a conference, and communicating with neighbours about local events. The ‘anonymity’ of not having to create an account may be perfectly adequate for these situations. However, when it comes to its use by activists - where it is being promoted as an appropriate tool for people with serious security implications should their identify be revealed - we need to delve deeper into promises of anonymity.

In the case of Vibe, our analysis revealed some serious concerns. Some of these have come up in other reviews as well.

• First, we have no information on whether messages that expire (and are therefore no longer visible to vibe users) are actually removed from Vibe’s servers and server logs. If they aren’t, this is a permanent record subject to requests from law enforcement.
• Second, all communication between the app and the server is unencrypted (HTTP), and vulnerable to eavesdropping on insecure WiFi networks, or by mobile network operators or Internet service providers.
• Third, the app stores and transmits an internal user ID alongside each message. This is what the messages look like. Even if you can’t immediately link a user ID to a specific person, the mobile network operator (MNO) or someone eavesdropping on a WiFi network probably can, and someone who has even brief access to a phone with the app installed certainly can.

The table below is from Evaluating Security Apps, MobileActive.org’s guide to deciding whether specific apps are suitable for communicating sensitive information. Not everyone has the same security requirements, or the same operational environment, and we encourage you to assess your security risks in a systematic way.

Will it work on my phone? 

• Platforms (iPhone, Android, Java, Blackberry, Symbian etc)
• Phone models
• Installation method (App market, web download, download to PC?)
• Language support

Vibe is available for iPhone and Android. Testing on Android, it required continuous Internet access to work and crashed without it.

Installed through the iPhone app store. Android users can download the .apk file directly from http://zami.com/v.htmlRisks, Costs and Benefits 

• What risk does this app address? What are the benefits?
• Does it introduce other potential risks?
• How much does it cost? Both the cost of the app and any data/text messaging/voice costs

Vibe is like Twitter without accounts - no need to sign up, just send out a ‘Vibe’ to people nearby.

The potential risks are significant if you need better anonymity than just not having to show a screen name - the app uniquely identifies users and transmits data unencrypted, and may also store data on its servers for longer than it is visible to users.

The app is free, data charges apply.Is this app trustworthy? 

• What permissions does it request? What permissions is it given by the operating systems?
• Who is the developer? Are they well-known?
• Is there an active user community?
• Is the source code available for public review?
• Is data stored and transmitted securely?
• Is the app legal?
• What is the developers’ policy on data requests from law enforcement?
• Is the app mature?
• How are updates released?

When tested on Android, Vibe requested location permissions, as well as Internet access.

Development of Vibe was outsourced to Zami.com by its creator, Hazem Sayed. The complete lack of security features suggest that this app was not built for secure communication, and the fact that it crashes when it doesn’t have continuous Internet access does not instill confidence.

There is no public-facing website for Vibe, and no way to get support or connect with the user community besides possibly using the app itself.

Source code is not publicly available, and there is not information about how data is stored on servers.

Data is transmitted unencrypted using HTTP.

Vibe is legal, but its terms of use forbid illegal activity (as well as some legal activity, such as pornography).

 Image from Adrian Kinloch on Flickr

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Author:  Vélez, Olivia Publication Type:  Report/White paper Publication Date:  Jan 2011 Publisher/Journal:  Columbia University Abstract: 

Midwives in Ghana provide the majority of rural primary and maternal healthcare services, but have limited access to data for decision making and knowledge work. Few mobile health (mHealth) applications have been designed for midwives. The study's purpose was to design and test an mHealth application (mClinic) that can improve data access and reduce the reporting burden for midwives at the Millennium Villages Project site in Ghana.

From the design science field, the Information Systems Research Framework guided this study through two research cycles: 1) Relevance, and 2) Design. The first phase of the Relevance Cycle took a user-centered approach to assess the people, organizations, and technology of the midwives’ environment through participant observation, contextual inquiry, and interviews. In the second phase, structured requirements specification was used to categorize the data into goals, system qualities, and constraints. From the categorized data, use cases were developed for patient registration, antenatal care, malaria, family planning, and referrals. Use cases then informed the development of functional requirements. In the Design Cycle, we first used functional requirements for patient registration and malaria to develop the mClinic prototype as part of a coded-in-country initiative. Next, we examined usability of the mClinic prototype by conducting field testing, heuristic evaluation, and usability surveys. Additionally, low-fidelity prototyping was used to determine applicability of the other use cases to the midwives’ environment.

Midwives reported inability to access critical data, high patient loads, and extensive reporting requirements. Low technical self-efficacy and inadequate infrastructure were identified as barriers to implementation. Heuristic evaluation noted issues related to hardware selection, workflow, and security. Midwives ranked the tool as useful in the usability survey; however, ease-of-use rankings were neutral. Interviews indicated this was related to low technical self-efficacy. Applicability checks found support for touch-entry prototypes over those that included lengthy forms or text-entry.

Location Countries:  Ghana Research Paper - Link to or Upload Paper URL:  http://academiccommons.columbi... Citation:  Vélez, Olivia. "Design and Usability Testing of an mHealth Application for Midwives in Rural Ghana." Columbia University, 2011. Featured?:  No Featured on homepage?:  No

Author:  Dr.Rizvi, S.M. Haider, Dr. Andy Dearden Publication Type:  Report/White paper Publication Date:  Oct 2010 Publication language:  English Abstract: 

 The paper is based on the findings and experiences of the Rural e-Services Project in India (ReSPI) which resulted in designing of Knowledge Help Extension Technology Initiative (KHETI).

ReSPI was an action research project to bridge the socio-economic divide digitally. The project has demonstrated that a right approach with appropriate mix of methodologies and social context could lead the designing of  Information Communication Technology (ICT) solutions.

In the after math of the project and development of KHETI Technology, claims could be made that designing of Information Communication Technology solutions are very much possible with so called ‘less privileged groups’ using participatory interaction design methodologies and treating users as co-designers.

The paper describes strengths and challenges in the participatory designing processes of KHETI as an M-Agriculture system and examines how it addresses the problems of local poor farmers by recognising their socio-economic realities.

Location Countries:  India Research Paper - Link to or Upload Paper URL:  http://www.iimahd.ernet.in/ego... Upload Paper:  haider - participatory design mAgriculture (2).pdf Citation:  Dr.Rizvi,S.M. Haider,Dr. Andy Dearden."Knowledge Help Extension Technology Initiative(KHETI)–A Participatory Designed M-Agriculture Solution for Rural Livelihood Promotions." (2010) Featured?:  Yes Featured on homepage?:  No

Author:  Balunywa , Ali, Guido van Diepen, Wouter Dijkstra, Kai Henriquez, Ben White ISSN/ISBN Number:  9789081 Publication Type:  Report/White paper Publication Date:  Jan 2011 Publisher/Journal:  Institute of Network Cultures Publication language:  English Abstract: 

 This paper is a collection of five ethnographic reports examining the role of ICT in Uganda. The first is not particulalrly mobile focused and looks at how those who have access to internet in Uganda use it. The second report is about the ways ICT is changing print media. The third report focuses on the the opportunities ICT present for civil society and non-governmental groups. The next report outlines the way the ICT sector in Uganda was developed. The last report examines ways that ICT may be used in government accountability.

Location Countries:  Uganda Research Paper - Link to or Upload Paper URL:  http://www.networkcultures.org... Citation:  Balunywa , Ali, Guido van Diepen, Wouter Dijkstra, Kai Henriquez, Ben White. "Beyond ICT4D: New Media Research in Uganda." Institute of Network Cultures, Amsterdam. 2011. Featured?:  No Featured on homepage?:  No